Like most of my educational adventures, it all started one day when I thought, "Wouldn't it be cool if...?"
Most times, that question ends with really cool projects for my students that allow them to demonstrate their newly acquired skills. This time, however, I was reading about how indigenous people in South America were using drones to protect their land from illegal logging and gold mining. I thought to myself, "Wouldn't it be cool if I could find a meaningful way to incorporate drones into my classroom?"
The key question to ask is, "Why drones in the classroom, at all?"
I go to one of my favorite brain researchers, Dr. John Medina and his Brain Rules. He lists several rules that help teachers to engage the brains of our students and drones in the class specifically addressed:
ATTENTION: We don't pay attention to boring things.
SENSORY INTEGRATION: Stimulate more of the senses.
EXPLORATION: We are powerful and natural explorers.
I began to assess where this technology could fit. The most logical parallel in my History class was exactly how the Wapishana Tribe of Guyana were using the technology, to create maps. I decided to use drones to have my students demonstrate their understanding of mapping skills and techniques.
Thanks to camera technology and access to their lap tops, students had all of the tools necessary to create accurate and usable maps. Student learned about parts of a map and strategies used in surveying and cartography and applied these lessons to creating their own maps of our campus.
Students enjoyed using the remote controlled drones for an educational purpose, but they also had the opportunity to demonstrate their understanding of mapping skills. This projects was much more engaging than the tests I took as a student. The available technology allowed students to demonstrate their understanding in a way that was truly impossible just 5 years ago.
In true John Dewey fashion, we reflected on our maps and discussed how we could improve upon the maps we created. The students identified a key consideration- our drones took pictures from an aerial perspective, but a bird's eye perspective may be needed to get true scale for our maps. Wouldn't it be cool if we worked collaboratively with our 3D Design class to prototype a rigging that we could use to mount the drone cameras to provide a bird's eye perspective?
This is something to look forward to next year!
Please leave comments if you have any questions or need further clarification of this awesome and exciting activity.
Checkout my YouTube channel: Chaka Cummings (The Dedicated Educator). Also, find me on LinkedIn and check out some of my published posts on education.
Over a decade in schools as a teacher, administrator, coach and advisor at the elementary, middle school, high school and collegiate levels have shaped my views on education.
Tuesday, November 22, 2016
Wednesday, September 21, 2016
Redesigning My Learning Space
After a ton of research this summer, I have been inspired to jazz up my classroom a bit.
My interests actually started before the end of last school year. After re-reading The Third Teacher, I was inspired to look at my current space and assess how I used the space with a fresh perspective. I began reading articles about hacking the classroom and discussing space planning with designers and architects. Finding educational thought leaders and listening to TED Talks became a part of my summer routine. In the end, I focused on three concepts to bring new life to my classroom.
1. Less Teacher Space
I gave up my command center inside of my classroom. The corner that was occupied by my teacher desk and file cabinets is gone. I am using a smaller space that has all of the area I need to function effectively. I have given this space back to my students and it has helped me to achieve my other two objectives.
2. Classrooms Zones
I was inspired by my research to reconsider the layout of my classroom. I found a pin on Pintrest that really inspired me to consider dividing my classroom into several learning zones to maximize the effective use of the space.
My interests actually started before the end of last school year. After re-reading The Third Teacher, I was inspired to look at my current space and assess how I used the space with a fresh perspective. I began reading articles about hacking the classroom and discussing space planning with designers and architects. Finding educational thought leaders and listening to TED Talks became a part of my summer routine. In the end, I focused on three concepts to bring new life to my classroom.
1. Less Teacher Space
I gave up my command center inside of my classroom. The corner that was occupied by my teacher desk and file cabinets is gone. I am using a smaller space that has all of the area I need to function effectively. I have given this space back to my students and it has helped me to achieve my other two objectives.
2. Classrooms Zones
I was inspired by my research to reconsider the layout of my classroom. I found a pin on Pintrest that really inspired me to consider dividing my classroom into several learning zones to maximize the effective use of the space.
This infographic from the University of Southern California was my jumping off point for thinking about how I could create unique learning zones in my space.
3. Starbucks my Classroom
The final push came from talented educator Oskar Cymerman. His blog posts on "Starbucks my Classroom" inspired me to look at how I could recreate my classroom space to make it more comfortable and casual for my students. Check out his blog at: http://focus2achieve.com/blog
Here are some pics of the remade space:
Tuesday, July 26, 2016
Using Debate Techniques in Your Classroom- Sides Debates
In this election year, there may not be a better time to introduce debate concepts to your students. Formal debate involves complex reasoning abilities as well as verbal communication strategies that will benefit any student. As a Middle School teacher, I have found that introducing these concepts in chunks is the most successful method for my students. I use several activities to chunk this learning.
One activity that has been very successful is Sides Debate. Sides Debates are simple to implement and easy for students to engage in.
1. Label opposite sides of the room. One side is labeled "AGREE" while the other side of the room is labeled "DISAGREE".
2. Have a group of students (you can do this with the entire class, as well) stand in the center of the room, between the opposite "AGREE" and "DISAGREE" sides of the room.
3. Read a statement aloud to the students. The statement must be one around which students can form an opinion (This statement is called a Resolution. You can introduce this term to your students).
4. Have the students select a side of the room where they will stand. If students agree with the resolution, the students stand near the "AGREE" sign. If the students disagree, they stand near the "DISAGREE" sign.
5. Student must then express why they have chosen their side, verbally.
6. Students may change sides at any point during the Sides Debate, that is a student standing on the "AGREE" side may move over to the "DISAGREE" side and vice versa. Students must be prepared to share, verbally, what instigated the switch in opinion.
This activity can be a quick warm up to begin class and is designed to last around 5 minutes or so. I have extended discussions into class, as well. It is a great way to structure a quick and controlled debate while introducing concepts to students.
Additional Suggestions and Example:
If you want to ramp up the forensic aspects of this activity, teach students to formally present ideas by using formatted responses for introducing arguments and rebuttals.
For example, let the Sides Debate Resolution be "Our school should require students to wear a formal uniform."
A student introducing their argument would begin by stating their opinion in relation to the resolution. For example, "I agree with the resolution that students at our school should be required to wear formal uniforms."
Next, require students to define any vague terms within the resolution. For example, in our resolution, what do the students believe is meant by the terminology formal uniform. The student could state, "I agree with the resolution that states that students at our school should be required to wear formal uniforms. I believe that formal uniforms should require students to wear collared shirts, khakis or an approved length skirt and dress shoes."
Finally, when introducing an argument, require students to give support for their opinion. Let students know that fact-based support is the best type of support. For example, the student could state, "I agree with the resolution that states that students at our school should be required to wear formal uniforms. I believe that formal uniforms should require students to wear collared shirts, khakis or an approved length skirt and dress shoes. Currently, students wear t-shirts, gym shorts and leggings every day. We would look better if we wore formal uniforms instead of casual clothing." The student in the example offered the italicized opinion supported by the bolded fact.
In the case of a direct rebuttal, students must restate the point that they wish to counter. For example, a rebuttal for the sample argument presented previously could be, "It has been argued that formal uniforms make students look better than our current casual dress code."
Then, a student could be required to offer a counter argument in the form of a consideration. For example, "It has been argued that formal uniforms make students look better than our current casual dress code. Have you considered that the formal uniform you described may be less comfortable than our current, more casual dress code?"
Students would then offer an assertion that is supported by their consideration. For example, "It has been argued that formal uniforms make students look better than our current casual dress code. Have you considered that the formal uniform you described may be less comfortable than our current, more casual dress code? Students will work better and behave better if they are more comfortable."
Finally, a student ends their rebuttal by restating their opinion in relation to the resolution. For example, "It has been argued that formal uniforms make students look better than our current casual dress code. Have you considered that the formal uniform you described may be less comfortable than our current, more casual dress code? Students will work better and behave better if they are more comfortable. Therefore, I disagree that students at our school should be required to wear a formal uniform."
Utilizing the formatted responses and structure as I have presented forces students to think through their reasoning and gives students some concrete communication tools for future debates and written assessments. Also, it helps to manage the activity so that it doesn't devolve into a shouting match.
Please leave comments if you have any question or further clarification of this awesome and exciting activity.
Checkout my YouTube channel: Chaka Cummings (The Dedicated Educator). Also, find me on LinkedIn and check out some of my published posts on education.
One activity that has been very successful is Sides Debate. Sides Debates are simple to implement and easy for students to engage in.
1. Label opposite sides of the room. One side is labeled "AGREE" while the other side of the room is labeled "DISAGREE".
2. Have a group of students (you can do this with the entire class, as well) stand in the center of the room, between the opposite "AGREE" and "DISAGREE" sides of the room.
3. Read a statement aloud to the students. The statement must be one around which students can form an opinion (This statement is called a Resolution. You can introduce this term to your students).
4. Have the students select a side of the room where they will stand. If students agree with the resolution, the students stand near the "AGREE" sign. If the students disagree, they stand near the "DISAGREE" sign.
5. Student must then express why they have chosen their side, verbally.
6. Students may change sides at any point during the Sides Debate, that is a student standing on the "AGREE" side may move over to the "DISAGREE" side and vice versa. Students must be prepared to share, verbally, what instigated the switch in opinion.
This activity can be a quick warm up to begin class and is designed to last around 5 minutes or so. I have extended discussions into class, as well. It is a great way to structure a quick and controlled debate while introducing concepts to students.
Additional Suggestions and Example:
If you want to ramp up the forensic aspects of this activity, teach students to formally present ideas by using formatted responses for introducing arguments and rebuttals.
For example, let the Sides Debate Resolution be "Our school should require students to wear a formal uniform."
A student introducing their argument would begin by stating their opinion in relation to the resolution. For example, "I agree with the resolution that students at our school should be required to wear formal uniforms."
Next, require students to define any vague terms within the resolution. For example, in our resolution, what do the students believe is meant by the terminology formal uniform. The student could state, "I agree with the resolution that states that students at our school should be required to wear formal uniforms. I believe that formal uniforms should require students to wear collared shirts, khakis or an approved length skirt and dress shoes."
Finally, when introducing an argument, require students to give support for their opinion. Let students know that fact-based support is the best type of support. For example, the student could state, "I agree with the resolution that states that students at our school should be required to wear formal uniforms. I believe that formal uniforms should require students to wear collared shirts, khakis or an approved length skirt and dress shoes. Currently, students wear t-shirts, gym shorts and leggings every day. We would look better if we wore formal uniforms instead of casual clothing." The student in the example offered the italicized opinion supported by the bolded fact.
In the case of a direct rebuttal, students must restate the point that they wish to counter. For example, a rebuttal for the sample argument presented previously could be, "It has been argued that formal uniforms make students look better than our current casual dress code."
Then, a student could be required to offer a counter argument in the form of a consideration. For example, "It has been argued that formal uniforms make students look better than our current casual dress code. Have you considered that the formal uniform you described may be less comfortable than our current, more casual dress code?"
Students would then offer an assertion that is supported by their consideration. For example, "It has been argued that formal uniforms make students look better than our current casual dress code. Have you considered that the formal uniform you described may be less comfortable than our current, more casual dress code? Students will work better and behave better if they are more comfortable."
Finally, a student ends their rebuttal by restating their opinion in relation to the resolution. For example, "It has been argued that formal uniforms make students look better than our current casual dress code. Have you considered that the formal uniform you described may be less comfortable than our current, more casual dress code? Students will work better and behave better if they are more comfortable. Therefore, I disagree that students at our school should be required to wear a formal uniform."
Utilizing the formatted responses and structure as I have presented forces students to think through their reasoning and gives students some concrete communication tools for future debates and written assessments. Also, it helps to manage the activity so that it doesn't devolve into a shouting match.
Please leave comments if you have any question or further clarification of this awesome and exciting activity.
Checkout my YouTube channel: Chaka Cummings (The Dedicated Educator). Also, find me on LinkedIn and check out some of my published posts on education.
Tuesday, July 12, 2016
The Journey Into Education Administration
I believe that there are 5 keys to taking the leap, successfully, from the classroom to Education Administration.
- Tell stakeholders about your interest in administration.
- Find a mentor.
- Get involved in different facets of your school.
- Find the right first administrative experience.
- Always keep an eye on the future.
Tell Stakeholders about Your Interest in Administration
When I departed from the corporate world, I interviewed at
several independent schools. I chose Trinity Valley School in Fort Worth,
Texas. One major reason was Karla Long, the Middle School Head. She asked me
about my future and I told her my desire to work in administrator. She
supported my aspirations- and followed through by supplying tremendous
administrative experiences to me as a Sixth Grade Geography teacher.
Karla selected me for the Curriculum Committee. She also
allowed me to lead the middle school history department's reporting during our
accreditation. She allowed me to collaborate on student discipline, assist her
in curriculum mapping, redesign the geography curriculum and attend
professional development opportunities to further my goals. She assisted me in
finding these valuable administrative experiences because of the direction that
I wanted to take in my career.
I communicated my aspirations and my division head partnered
with me to gain the types of experiences that have helped me immensely as an
assistant division head. You must find a leader that is committed to helping your leadership development. Find someone that is willing and able to provide you with meaningful leadership experiences.
Find a Mentor
Another reason why I chose Trinity Valley School was Gary
Krahn. He is the current Head of School at LaJolla Country Day in San Diego,
but he served TVS as their Head when I started there. Gary is one of my mentors
in education. He has given me great guidance in pursuing administration.
When I looked for a mentor in education, I looked for a
person who I respected because of their character, decision-making and ability
to communicate. I, logically, needed a person who had a position in
administration, because they could share their experiences with me and I could
learn from their war stories.
Gary would have discussions with me, about my teaching
style, about the future of education, about managing a classroom. He would play
the devil's advocate and challenge me. He forced me to approach issues in a
unique manner, and when I had an answer-he would change the question. He always
secured articles and books that he would pass along- case studies from Harvard
on leadership and books on management like Good to Great. We continued a
discussion on education that not only touched on my classroom, but also other
facets of school, like admissions, hiring practices and evaluation of faculty.
Find a committed mentor, dedicated to your goals and
aspirations. Find a mentor that wants to see you in administration as much as
(at times, even more than) you want to be an administrator. Once you find that
person, use them. Have conversations- learn as much as you can. Apply the
teachings and reflect with them.
Get Involved in the Different Facets of Your School
One of the great advantages to teaching in an independent
school is that you have access to so many parts of your school. Of course, this
can be true at any school, if you seek out the opportunities.
I coached football. I had the pleasure of coaching with some
of the best coaches in the state of Texas and I also served under tremendous
athletic directors. I learned a ton about the workings of the athletic
department, from organizing travel and communicating to parents to planning
multi-school tournaments.
I developed a program called the Community Partners Program
while at Trinity Valley School. We partnered with students across grade levels
to invest in local service organizations, to learn how they operated and the
importance of philanthropy. In developing this program, I worked with Public
Relations and learned about advertising and marketing a new initiative. I
collaborated with our development staff to understand our fundraising efforts
and the importance of development to the financial structure of a non-profit
organization. I trained with our Central Administration office to develop a
schedule, organize meeting locations, times, and coordinate guest speakers. I worked with my Head of School to find organizations and
foundations that financed our program and provided speakers and volunteer
opportunities for my students. I got to see behind the curtain on many of the
inner-workings of a school while learning how all of these pieces connected.
Serving on hiring committees for two division heads not only
solidified my desire to be an administrator, but also provided me valuable
experience in hiring and human resources. The conversations and vision for what
these teams had for a division head helped guide me in learning what
experiences I needed to fortify my candidacy for administrative positions. I
worked on cross divisional teams led by two incredible division heads. I saw
how they managed these conversations and how they stimulated discussion. They
were great captains and were models of level-headedness.
I had the opportunity to see so many aspects of the school
that were outside of my classroom. All of these parts are integral to the
function of a division and a school. Find ways to see and learn about all of
the different pieces that make a school tick.
Find the Right First Administrative Experience
What I looked for in my first administrative opportunity was
very similar to what I looked for in my teaching role when I left corporate; I
wanted to find people that would support my growth and help me to climb the administrative ladder.
John Stephens is the Head of Middle School at Fort Worth
Country Day. As his assistant division head, John, from day one, told me that I
would be involved in all aspects of running the middle school.
I managed the scheduling and execution of our standardized
testing. I handled student discipline and faculty coaching. I partnered with
parents of our students that struggled academically. I managed an
expansion project. I spearheaded an iPad program. I developed a prototype daily
schedule for our middle school.
You have to find the right administrator for you. Find
someone with whom you have a connection- John and I talk sports and food in the
middle of our conversations on curriculum and core values. Find someone with
the patience to guide you through every step.
Also, find a great team. Know that you will be partnering
with other administrators that will help your growth. Find out who you will be
collaborating with most often and understand the type of educators they
personify. I worked with a great counselor, solid secretaries as well as a
supportive and experienced faculty. Ask Dan Marino how important it is to have
a great running back. Ask Ginger Rogers about the importance of an experienced
dance partner. If you do not have a solid team to teach you, mentor you,
support you and grow your experiences, it will make your journey difficult.
Always Keep an Eye on the Future
One off the numerous things I have internalized in speaking to folks about pursuing
administration is that there are many paths that can lead you to your
ultimate destination.
What is your ultimate destination? Look for postings of
positions that you hope to obtain in the future and highlight what experiences
they demand from applicants. Then, seek positions and experiences that will
provide you with similar opportunities in your current role.
If you want to be an athletic director, find experiences in
coaching and find a head coaching position. If you want to be a division head,
find experiences leading a department, or as a dean, or as an assistant
division head. If you want to be a Head of School, lead a division, get
involved in admissions, and learn about budgeting and fund raising. Give
yourself a wide variety of opportunities and experiences. If you are a young
teacher, you are lucky in that you have time to search for the right
experiences for your needs.
Check out my YouTube channel: Chaka Cummings (The Dedicated Educator). Also, find me on LinkedIn and check out some of my published posts on education.
Monday, July 11, 2016
Education Administration
I was there; the young teacher that looked at the
administration and believed “no way!” The pressure, the problems; there are not
enough hours to tackle being an administrator.
It is not all roses, by any means. What I loved about being
an administrator was the variety of the role. Any day could be wrought with
helping a student with their academic issues, or helping a teacher think
through classroom management, or helping my division head plan a presentation
to the faculty, or helping a parent to understand a decision.
The four major constituencies in a school are the students,
teachers, parents and administrators. We all have the same objective- we desire
to do what is in the best interests of developing our students, academically,
artistically, athletically and morally. Administrators, everyday, function with
the different constituencies toward ensuring that this objective is
accomplished.
I was not always excited about education administration. In
fact, I remember being a sophomore, taking my first education course in
undergraduate school at Berea College. My mom asked me if I desired to be a
principal some day. I smirked and exclaimed “the classroom is the only place in
a school where you can make a difference- when I leave the classroom is when I
retire.”
I then went on to leave the classroom- to get my Master's in
Business Administration from the University of Kentucky. I worked in corporate
America for a year, but I missed the kids (even thought the pay was
incredible). I discovered something about myself, however, through this
experience. I loved business case studies. I loved working with teams toward an
end goal. I loved working on projects and developing programs. Education
administration is one area where these roles are a focal point.
The common denominator was problem solving. Looking at a
challenge and navigating the twists and turns to come to a final solution is
exciting. Looking at different parts of an organization and working with many
different people is challenging. Great administrators are problem solvers.
Students come with problems; teacher and parents do the same. The great
administrators listen to the issue, analyze the problem, create a solution,
articulate it to the constituent at hand and work to implement that solution.
Tuesday, July 5, 2016
Student Investment Pays Dividends
As an MBA turned teacher, I love to discuss investment!
Recently, my mother and I had one of our weekly conversations. I live in Fort Worth, Texas while she lives in Harlem, New York (where I grew up). Our conversations can run the gamut; we will talk about anything from Oprah Winfrey's impact in entertainment to Serena Williams' dominance in tennis to the current fashion trends.
This conversation steered toward education, specifically toward why so many young people in my old neighborhood were not completing high school (forget about the low numbers attending college). We were trying to decipher the cause of the incessant phenomenon of young people choosing to drop out of school rather than being consumed by a long-term view and understanding how important schooling in their early years would be to the rest of their lives.
So, where does investment come in?
I reminisced about my experience as a young person growing up in Harlem and Mount Vernon, New York. I considered my wife, who grew up in rural Kentucky and how she describes her educational experience. I thought about my niece, who lives with me in Fort Worth, and her experience attending an independent school. Many factors that led to the three of us placing a high value on education- families that have preached this virtue, teachers that have a tremendous positive influence and experiencing success in our educational endeavors.
A common thread, however, kept surfacing when looking at our educational experiences throughout our time at school (for my wife and I, a thread that continued even in college). My wife was a cheerleader and academic team member through middle school, then she joined student government, Future Business Leaders of America and her school's science club. My niece cheered in middle school, then she focused in upper school on volleyball, swimming, track, and chorus. I played football, baseball, basketball, and I served as a student government representative.
We were involved- but more important than involvement, we were invested in our schools.
The National Center for Education Statistics published research from the US Department of Education in which students that participated in extra-curricular activities at elementary and secondary schools across the country reported higher attendance numbers, fewer skipped classes, higher GPAs, higher performance on math and reading assessments and go on to college at a higher frequency. This research isn't earth-shattering, as I am certain that most teachers are well aware of these statistics.
The connection that I made is that independent schools do an incredible job of ensuring that this engagement is not only offered as a part of their academic programs, but required to attend and graduate from these institutions.
Think about this for a second. Independent schools represent incredibly rigorous academic institutions. If independent schools could wave a wand and eliminate non-academic influences, our students' days would still be chocked full of reading, writing, projects, studying, debating and loads of other educational pursuits. Our students would not lack school related activities to fill their time, by any means. When was the last time you heard a student at an independent school say "man, I am so underworked!"
Yet, there is a recognition by our institutions that teaching to the whole student has incredible value and is truly our responsibility as educators. Mind, body and spirit- these are more than buzzwords at independent schools in this day and age of budget and programmatic cuts in the public school realm.
How many of our schools require art courses, theater participation or musical pursuits? Does your school require physical education or athletic participation? Especially as our students get older, how many varied club offerings do we make available to our students?
This is how we reinforce student investment. Develop students holistically, and, hopefully, it fosters better people.
I attended private school in New York. Growing up in urban New York City, there were lots of negative influences. It would have been easy to "cut class" rather than wake up early to take a train, to a bus, to be greeted by Honors Trigonometry- as a 15 year old. What kept me going back?
Well, I could not look my teammates in the eye if I missed practice while they were enveloped in the same experiences I was- they had to wake up just as early and take classes that were just as difficult; I couldn't quit because they never did.
Besides, I didn't want to miss hanging out at Welsh Farms, scarfing down burgers while we planned the next school dance with my fellow reps in student government. The bus rides to New Rochelle with my boys were too much fun- and occasionally, we actually did talk Trig (Mr. Leoti might be surprised to hear that, however). They constituted support, as much for me academically as any other system that was offered by my school.
The investment built a sense of pride in my school. It also reinforced a sense of pride in myself. I developed the integrity that would not allow me to take the path that so many of my friends walked- the one that led to their dropping out of school, that led to their drug use, that led to their criminal activity and, in some unfortunate cases, their untimely deaths.
Luckily, my reality is the reality for few of our students. However, their choices are as real and as poignant as the choices I made. Independent schools, must continue to do the yeomen work to offer the vast array of programs that speak to the diverse interests of our student bodies.
My niece HATES to miss school! I feel it is important to note- my niece is 16! She has lots of reasons for never wanting to miss a day, not the least of which is the difficulty of making up the work from her missed classes. However, she loves her choir class and track team at least as much if not more than she loathes making up Algebra II homework. When she visits family in New York during summer vacation, she always gets back at least a couple of weeks early to make sure she can see her friends and get ready for volleyball.
Of course, our core is the academic. We must also continue to engage our students meaningfully in the classroom.
The best independent schools in my experience, though, have found meaningful ways to get students to invest in the school community outside of the classroom. Those communities also have students that whole-heartedly support each other in this shared experience of rigorous academics, fantastic fine arts and stellar athletics. It is almost as if the students subconsciously bond over the shared experiences, both the difficult and the enjoyable.
Independent schools know the value of what some schools refer to as extra- curricular. In reality, at most successful independent schools, these activities are now a part of the curriculum. As the statistics continue to bear out, this is to the benefit of our students.
Advisor, football coach, debate sponsor, assistant division head- I am not special in that I wear a lot of hats as an independent school community member. These hats, however, have equal weight in the overall successes of my students. Sometimes, this is lost in the hustle and bustle of a school year.
The renaissance men and women that make up our independent school faculties are doing their part to ensure our students have life-long success. I hope that we never forget that we do this as much on the stage, in the band hall, in the gym and on the field as we do inside our classrooms. The education statistics continue to bear that out. As said by the great philosopher, Shawn Carter (also known as the hip hop artist Jay-Z); "Men lie; women lie; numbers don't."
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